1/11/2024 0 Comments Great notion brewing twitterIt then clarifies the early history of the beghards, still poorly known, and the divisions within the world of beguines and beghards, from which the swesteren and lollards arose as a distinct movement in this time of crisis.Ĭette série de quatre articles vise à démontrer que les campagnes menées par l'Église contre l'“hérésie du libre esprit” au début du XIVe siècle visaient principalement un nouveau type de béguines et de bégards, apparus à Cologne vers 1290 et qui se sont répandus dans les Pays-Bas et le Rhin inférieur au cours des décennies suivantes. The first article examines the origins and implementation of the Clementine decrees against lay religious following the Council of Vienne (1311-1312) and their impact on beguine communities. Around 1300, those ideals exposed them to suspicion of free-spirit tendencies. Called swesteren, and “begging” or “wandering beghards”, or willige arme, or more properly “lollards”, these lay women and men distinguished themselves from traditional beguines and beghards by a stricter adherence to individual and collective poverty, by a special dress, and by a particular doctrine: their faith in human “good will” and personal enlightenment through God’s grace, and their skepticism of human regulations not based in Scripture, encouraged them to pursue a life of religious poverty free from material, institutional, or canon-law constraints. This series of four articles argues that the Church campaigns against the “heresy of the Free Spirit” of the early fourteenth century primarily targeted a new type of beguines and beghards, emerging in Cologne around 1290 and spreading across the Low Countries and the Lower Rhine in the following decades.
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